以前都是使用的 Kubeadm 搭建的 Kubernetes 集群，但是版本比较低了（1.10.0 版本），近期有不少反馈让更新下版本，本文将通过 Kubeadm 来搭建最新版本的 Kubernetes 1.15.3 集群，其实和以前搭建的方式方法基本一致，我们这里准备使用 calico 网络插件以及 ipvs 模式的 kube-proxy。

环境准备
3 个节点，都是 Centos 7.6 系统，内核版本：3.10.0-957.12.2.el7.x86_64，在每个节点上添加 hosts 信息：

$ cat /etc/hosts
10.151.30.11 ydzs-master
10.151.30.22 ydzs-node1
10.151.30.23 ydzs-node2

禁用防火墙：

$ systemctl stop firewalld
$ systemctl disable firewalld

禁用 SELINUX：

$ setenforce 0
$ cat /etc/selinux/config
SELINUX=disabled

创建 /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf 文件，添加如下内容：

net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
执行如下命令使修改生效：

$ modprobe br_netfilter
$ sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf
安装 ipvs

$ cat > /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules <!/bin/bash

modprobe — ip_vs
modprobe — ip_vs_rr
modprobe — ip_vs_wrr
modprobe — ip_vs_sh
modprobe — nf_conntrack_ipv4
EOF
$ chmod 755 /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules && bash /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules && lsmod | grep -e ip_vs -e nf_conntrack_ipv4

上面脚本创建了的 /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules 文件，保证在节点重启后能自动加载所需模块。使用 lsmod | grep -e ip_vs -e nf_conntrack_ipv4 命令查看是否已经正确加载所需的内核模块。

接下来还需要确保各个节点上已经安装了 ipset 软件包：

$ yum install ipset
为了便于查看 ipvs 的代理规则，最好安装一下管理工具 ipvsadm：

$ yum install ipvsadm
同步服务器时间

$ yum install chrony -y
$ systemctl enable chronyd
$ systemctl start chronyd
$ chronyc sources
210 Number of sources = 4

MS Name/IP address Stratum Poll Reach LastRx Last sample

^{+ sv1.ggsrv.de 2 6 17 32 -823us[-1128us] +/- 98ms}
- montreal.ca.logiplex.net 2 6 17 32 -17ms[-17ms] +/- 179ms
^{- ntp6.flashdance.cx 2 6 17 32 -32ms[-32ms] +/- 161ms}
* 119.28.183.184 2 6 33 32 +661us[+357us] +/- 38ms
$ date
Tue Aug 27 09:28:41 CST 2019

关闭 swap 分区：

$ swapoff -a
修改 /etc/fstab 文件，注释掉 SWAP 的自动挂载，使用 free -m 确认 swap 已经关闭。swappiness 参数调整，修改 /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf 添加下面一行：

vm.swappiness=0
执行 sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf 使修改生效。

接下来可以安装 Docker

$ yum install -y yum-utils
device-mapper-persistent-data
lvm2
$ yum-config-manager
—add-repo
https://download.docker.com/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
$ yum list docker-ce —showduplicates | sort -r

• updates: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn
  Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
  Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
  Installed Packages
• extras: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn
• epel: mirrors.yun-idc.com
  docker-ce.x86_64 3:19.03.1-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
  docker-ce.x86_64 3:19.03.0-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
  docker-ce.x86_64 3:18.09.8-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
  ……
  docker-ce.x86_64 18.03.1.ce-1.el7.centos docker-ce-stable
  docker-ce.x86_64 18.03.0.ce-1.el7.centos docker-ce-stable
  ……
• base: mirror.lzu.edu.cn
  Available Packages
  可以选择安装一个版本，比如我们这里安装最新版本：

$ yum install docker-ce-19.03.1-3.el7
配置 Docker 镜像加速器

$ vi /etc/docker/daemon.json
{
“exec-opts”: [“native.cgroupdriver=systemd”],
“registry-mirrors” : [
“https://ot2k4d59.mirror.aliyuncs.com/“
]
}
启动 Docker

$ systemctl start docker
$ systemctl enable docker
在确保 Docker 安装完成后，上面的相关环境配置也完成了，现在我们就可以来安装 Kubeadm 了，我们这里是通过指定 yum 源的方式来进行安装的：

cat < /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo
[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=https://packages.cloud.google.com/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://packages.cloud.google.com/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg
https://packages.cloud.google.com/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg
EOF
当然了，上面的 yum 源是需要科学上网的，如果不能科学上网的话，我们可以使用阿里云的源进行安装：

cat < /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo
[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
repo_gpgcheck=0
gpgkey=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg
EOF
然后安装 kubeadm、kubelet、kubectl：

$ yum install -y kubelet kubeadm kubectl —disableexcludes=kubernetes
$ kubeadm version
kubeadm version: &version.Info{Major:”1”, Minor:”15”, GitVersion:”v1.15.3”, GitCommit:”2d3c76f9091b6bec110a5e63777c332469e0cba2”, GitTreeState:”clean”, BuildDate:”2019-08-19T11:11:18Z”, GoVersion:”go1.12.9”, Compiler:”gc”, Platform:”linux/amd64”}
可以看到我们这里安装的是 v1.15.3 版本，然后将 kubelet 设置成开机启动：

$ systemctl enable kubelet.service
到这里为止上面所有的操作都需要在所有节点执行配置。

初始化集群
然后接下来在 master 节点配置 kubeadm 初始化文件，可以通过如下命令导出默认的初始化配置：

$ kubeadm config print init-defaults > kubeadm.yaml

然后根据我们自己的需求修改配置，比如修改 imageRepository 的值，kube-proxy 的模式为 ipvs，另外需要注意的是我们这里是准备安装 calico 网络插件的，需要将 networking.podSubnet 设置为 192.168.0.0/16：

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta2
bootstrapTokens:

• groups:
  • systemkubeadm:default-node-token
    token: abcdef.0123456789abcdef
    ttl: 24h0m0s
    usages:
  • signing
  • authentication
    kind: InitConfiguration
    localAPIEndpoint:
    advertiseAddress: 10.151.30.11 # apiserver 节点内网 IP
    bindPort: 6443
    nodeRegistration:
    criSocket: /var/run/dockershim.sock
    name: ydzs-master
    taints:
  • effect: NoSchedule
    key: node-role.kubernetes.io/master

apiServer:
timeoutForControlPlane: 4m0s
apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta2
certificatesDir: /etc/kubernetes/pki
clusterName: kubernetes
controllerManager: {}
dns:
type: CoreDNS # dns 类型
etcd:
local:
dataDir: /var/lib/etcd
imageRepository: gcr.azk8s.cn/google_containers
kind: ClusterConfiguration
kubernetesVersion: v1.15.3 # k8s 版本
networking:
dnsDomain: cluster.local
podSubnet: 192.168.0.0/16
serviceSubnet: 10.96.0.0/12

scheduler: {}

apiVersion: kubeproxy.config.k8s.io/v1alpha1
kind: KubeProxyConfiguration
mode: ipvs # kube-proxy 模式
然后使用上面的配置文件进行初始化：

$ kubeadm init —config kubeadm.yaml

[init] Using Kubernetes version: v1.15.3
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks
[WARNING SystemVerification]: this Docker version is not on the list of validated versions: 19.03.1. Latest validated version: 18.09
[preflight] Pulling images required for setting up a Kubernetes cluster
[preflight] This might take a minute or two, depending on the speed of your internet connection
[preflight] You can also perform this action in beforehand using ‘kubeadm config images pull’
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file “/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env”
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file “/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml”
[kubelet-start] Activating the kubelet service
[certs] Using certificateDir folder “/etc/kubernetes/pki”
[certs] Generating “etcd/ca” certificate and key
[certs] Generating “etcd/server” certificate and key
[certs] etcd/server serving cert is signed for DNS names [ydzs-master localhost] and IPs [10.151.30.11 127.0.0.1 ::1]
[certs] Generating “etcd/peer” certificate and key
[certs] etcd/peer serving cert is signed for DNS names [ydzs-master localhost] and IPs [10.151.30.11 127.0.0.1 ::1]
[certs] Generating “apiserver-etcd-client” certificate and key
[certs] Generating “etcd/healthcheck-client” certificate and key
[certs] Generating “ca” certificate and key
[certs] Generating “apiserver” certificate and key
[certs] apiserver serving cert is signed for DNS names [ydzs-master kubernetes kubernetes.default kubernetes.default.svc kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local] and IPs [10.96.0.1 10.151.30.11]
[certs] Generating “apiserver-kubelet-client” certificate and key
[certs] Generating “front-proxy-ca” certificate and key
[certs] Generating “front-proxy-client” certificate and key
[certs] Generating “sa” key and public key
[kubeconfig] Using kubeconfig folder “/etc/kubernetes”
[kubeconfig] Writing “admin.conf” kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing “kubelet.conf” kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing “controller-manager.conf” kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing “scheduler.conf” kubeconfig file
[control-plane] Using manifest folder “/etc/kubernetes/manifests”
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for “kube-apiserver”
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for “kube-controller-manager”
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for “kube-scheduler”
[etcd] Creating static Pod manifest for local etcd in “/etc/kubernetes/manifests”
[wait-control-plane] Waiting for the kubelet to boot up the control plane as static Pods from directory “/etc/kubernetes/manifests”. This can take up to 4m0s
[kubelet-check] Initial timeout of 40s passed.
[apiclient] All control plane components are healthy after 42.012149 seconds
[upload-config] Storing the configuration used in ConfigMap “kubeadm-config” in the “kube-system” Namespace
[kubelet] Creating a ConfigMap “kubelet-config-1.15” in namespace kube-system with the configuration for the kubelets in the cluster
[upload-certs] Skipping phase. Please see —upload-certs
[mark-control-plane] Marking the node ydzs-master as control-plane by adding the label “node-role.kubernetes.io/master=’’”
[mark-control-plane] Marking the node ydzs-master as control-plane by adding the taints [node-role.kubernetes.io/master:NoSchedule]
[bootstrap-token] Using token: abcdef.0123456789abcdef
[bootstrap-token] Configuring bootstrap tokens, cluster-info ConfigMap, RBAC Roles
[bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow Node Bootstrap tokens to post CSRs in order for nodes to get long term certificate credentials
[bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow the csrapprover controller automatically approve CSRs from a Node Bootstrap Token
[bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow certificate rotation for all node client certificates in the cluster
[bootstrap-token] Creating the “cluster-info” ConfigMap in the “kube-public” namespace
[addons] Applied essential addon: CoreDNS
[addons] Applied essential addon: kube-proxy

Your Kubernetes control-plane has initialized successfully!

To start using your cluster, you need to run the following as a regular user:

mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

You should now deploy a pod network to the cluster.
Run “kubectl apply -f [podnetwork].yaml” with one of the options listed at:
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/

Then you can join any number of worker nodes by running the following on each as root:

kubeadm join 10.151.30.11:6443 —token abcdef.0123456789abcdef
—discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:deb5158b39948a4592ff48512047ea6e45b288c248872724a28f15008962178b
可以看到最新验证的 docker 版本是 18.09，虽然是一个 warning，所以最好还是安装 18.09 版本的 docker。

拷贝 kubeconfig 文件

$ mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
$ sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
$ sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config
添加节点
记住初始化集群上面的配置和操作要提前做好，将 master 节点上面的 $HOME/.kube/config 文件拷贝到 node 节点对应的文件中，安装 kubeadm、kubelet、kubectl，然后执行上面初始化完成后提示的 join 命令即可：

$ kubeadm join 10.151.30.11:6443 —token abcdef.0123456789abcdef
—discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:deb5158b39948a4592ff48512047ea6e45b288c248872724a28f15008962178b
[preflight] Reading configuration from the cluster…
[preflight] FYI: You can look at this config file with ‘kubectl -n kube-system get cm kubeadm-config -oyaml’
[kubelet-start] Downloading configuration for the kubelet from the “kubelet-config-1.15” ConfigMap in the kube-system namespace
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file “/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml”
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file “/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env”
[kubelet-start] Activating the kubelet service
[kubelet-start] Waiting for the kubelet to perform the TLS Bootstrap…

This node has joined the cluster:

• Certificate signing request was sent to apiserver and a response was received.
• The Kubelet was informed of the new secure connection details.

Run ‘kubectl get nodes’ on the control-plane to see this node join the cluster.
如果忘记了上面的 join 命令可以使用命令 kubeadm token create —print-join-command 重新获取。

执行成功后运行 get nodes 命令：

$ kubectl get nodes
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
ydzs-master NotReady master 39m v1.15.3
ydzs-node1 NotReady 106s v1.15.3
可以看到是 NotReady 状态，这是因为还没有安装网络插件，接下来安装网络插件，可以在文档 https://kubernetes.io/docs/setup/production-environment/tools/kubeadm/create-cluster-kubeadm/ 中选择我们自己的网络插件，这里我们安装 calio:

$ wget https://docs.projectcalico.org/v3.8/manifests/calico.yaml

因为有节点是多网卡，所以需要在资源清单文件中指定内网网卡

$ vi calico.yaml
……
spec:
containers:

• env:
  • name: DATASTORE_TYPE
    value: kubernetes
  • name: IP_AUTODETECTION_METHOD # DaemonSet 中添加该环境变量
    value: interface=eth0 # 指定内网网卡
  • name: WAIT_FOR_DATASTORE
    value: “true”
    ……
    $ kubectl apply -f calico.yaml # 安装 calico 网络插件
    隔一会儿查看 Pod 运行状态：

$ kubectl get pods -n kube-system
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
calico-kube-controllers-65b8787765-svztx 1/1 Running 0 82s
calico-node-gmng9 1/1 Running 0 82s
calico-node-t695p 1/1 Running 0 82s
coredns-cf8fb6d7f-jsq5h 1/1 Running 0 42m
coredns-cf8fb6d7f-vxz4c 1/1 Running 0 42m
etcd-ydzs-master 1/1 Running 0 41m
kube-apiserver-ydzs-master 1/1 Running 0 41m
kube-controller-manager-ydzs-master 1/1 Running 0 41m
kube-proxy-4z4vf 1/1 Running 0 42m
kube-proxy-qk57t 1/1 Running 0 5m11s
kube-scheduler-ydzs-master 1/1 Running 0 41m
网络插件运行成功了，node 状态也正常了：

kubectl get nodes
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
ydzs-master Ready master 3h25m v1.15.3
ydzs-node1 Ready 168m v1.15.3
用同样的方法添加另外一个节点即可。

安装 Dashboard
$ wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/dashboard/v1.10.1/src/deploy/recommended/kubernetes-dashboard.yaml
$ vi kubernetes-dashboard.yaml

修改镜像名称

……
containers:

• args:
  • —auto-generate-certificates
    image: gcr.azk8s.cn/google_containers/kubernetes-dashboard-amd64:v1.10.1
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
    ……

    修改 Service 为 NodePort 类型

    ……
    selector:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
    type: NodePort
    ……
    直接创建：

$ kubectl apply -f kubernetes-dashboard.yaml
$ kubectl get pods -n kube-system -l k8s-app=kubernetes-dashboard
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
kubernetes-dashboard-fcfb4cbc-t462n 1/1 Running 0 50m
$ kubectl get svc -n kube-system -l k8s-app=kubernetes-dashboard
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
kubernetes-dashboard NodePort 10.110.172.49 443:32497/TCP 55m
然后可以通过上面的 32497 端口去访问 Dashboard，要记住使用 https，Chrome 不生效可以使用 Firefox 测试：

k8s dashboard login
k8s dashboard login
然后创建一个具有全局所有权限的用户来登录 Dashboard：(admin.yaml)

kind: ClusterRoleBinding
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
metadata:
name: admin
annotations:
rbac.authorization.kubernetes.io/autoupdate: “true”
roleRef:
kind: ClusterRole
name: cluster-admin
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
subjects:

• kind: ServiceAccount
  name: admin
  namespace: kube-system

apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
name: admin
namespace: kube-system
labels:
kubernetes.io/cluster-service: “true”
addonmanager.kubernetes.io/mode: Reconcile
直接创建：

$ kubectl apply -f admin.yaml
$ kubectl get secret -n kube-system|grep admin-token
admin-token-d5jsg kubernetes.io/service-account-token 3 1d
$ kubectl get secret admin-token-d5jsg -o jsonpath={.data.token} -n kube-system |base64 -d# 会生成一串很长的 base64 后的字符串
然后用上面的 base64 解码后的字符串作为 token 登录 Dashboard 即可： k8s dashboard

最终我们就完成了使用 kubeadm 搭建 v1.15.3 版本的 kubernetes 集群、coredns、ipvs、calico。